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The Galoter process (also known as TSK, UTT, or SHC; its newest modifications are called Enefit and Petroter) is a shale oil extraction technology for a production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil. In this process, the oil shale is decomposed into shale oil, oil shale gas, and spent residue. A decomposition is caused by mixing raw oil shale with a hot oil shale ash, generated by combustion of carbonaceous residue (semi-coke) in the spent residue. The process was developed in 1950s and it is used commercially for the shale oil production in Estonia. There are projects for further development of this technology and for expansion of its usage, e.g. in Jordan and USA. ==History== Research of the solid heat carrier process for pyrolysis of lignite, peat, and oil shale started in 1944 at the G. M. Krzhizhanovsky Power Engineering Institute of Academy of Sciences of the USSR.〔 〕 At the laboratory scale, the Galoter process was invented and developed in 1945–1946.〔 The process was named Galoter after the research team leader Israel Galynker whose name was combined with the word "thermal".〔〔 〕〔 〕 The further research continued in Estonia. A pilot unit with capacity of 2.5 tonnes of oil shale per day was built in Tallinn in 1947.〔〔 The first Galoter-type commercial scale pilot retorts were built at Kiviõli, Estonia, in 1953 and 1963 (closed in 1963 and 1981 respectively) with capacities of 200 and 500 tonnes of oil shale per day respectively.〔〔〔 〕〔 〕 The Narva Oil Plant, annexed to the Eesti Power Plant and operating two Galoter-type 3000 tonnes per day retorts, was commissioned in Estonia in 1980.〔〔〔 〕 These retorts were designed by AtomEnergoProject and developed in cooperation with the Krzhizhanovsky Institute.〔〔 Started as a pilot plant, the process of converting it to commercial scale plant took about 20 years. During this period, the company has modernized more than 70% of the equipment compared to the initial design.〔 〕 In 1978, a 12.5-tonnes pilot plant was built in Verkhne-Sinevidnoy, Ukraine. It was used for testing of Lviv–Volinsk lignite, and Carpathian, Kashpir (Russia) and Rotem (Israel) oil shales. In 1996–1997, a test unit was assembled in Tver.〔 In 2008, Estonian energy company Eesti Energia, an operator of Galoter retorts at the Narva Oil Plant, established a joint venture with the Finnish technology company Outotec called Enefit Outotec Technology to develop and commercialize a modified Galoter process–the Enefit process–which combines the current process with circulating fluidized bed technologies.〔 〕 In 2013, Enefit Outotec Technology opened an Enefit testing plant in Frankfurt.〔 〕〔 〕 In 2012 Eesti Energia opened a new generation Galoter-type plant in Narva using Enefit 280 technology.〔 〕 In December 2009, VKG Oil opened a new Galoter-type retort called Petroter.〔〔 〕 Engineering of the retort was done by Atomenergoproject; engineering of the condensation and distillation plant was done by Rintekno of Finland.〔 〕 The company started construction of the second Petroter plant in 2012 and plans to build also the third plant.〔 〕〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galoter process」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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